Multi-dimensional radiative transfer to analyze Hanle effect in Ca {\sc ii} K line at 3933 \AA\,

Radiative transfer (RT) studies of the linearly polarized spectrum of the Sun (the second solar spectrum) have generally focused on the line formation, with an aim to understand the vertical structure of the solar atmosphere using one-dimensional (1D) model atmospheres. Modeling spatial structuring in the observations of the linearly polarized line profiles requires the solution of multi-dimensional (multi-D) polarized RT equation and a model solar atmosphere obtained by magneto-hydrodynamical (MHD) simulations of the solar atmosphere. Our aim in this paper is to analyze the chromospheric resonance line Ca {\sc ii} K at 3933 \AA\ using multi-D polarized RT with Hanle effect and partial frequency redistribution in line scattering. We use an atmosphere which is constructed by a two-dimensional snapshot of the three-dimensional MHD simulations of the solar photosphere, combined with columns of an 1D atmosphere in the chromosphere. This paper represents the first application of polarized multi-D RT to explore the chromospheric lines using multi-D MHD atmospheres, with PRD as the line scattering mechanism. We find that the horizontal inhomogeneities caused by MHD in the lower layers of the atmosphere are responsible for strong spatial inhomogeneities in the wings of the linear polarization profiles, while the use of horizontally homogeneous chromosphere (FALC) produces spatially homogeneous linear polarization in the line core

Effect of cross-redistribution on the resonance scattering polarization of O {\sc i} line at 1302 \AA\,

Oxygen is the most abundant element on the Sun after Hydrogen and Helium. The intensity spectrum of resonance lines of neutral Oxygen namely O {\sc i} (1302, 1305 and 1306 \AA\,) has been studied in the literature for chromospheric diagnostics. In this paper we study the resonance scattering polarization in the O {\sc i} line at 1302 \AA\, using two-dimensional radiative transfer in a composite atmosphere constructed using a two-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamical snapshot in the photosphere and columns of the one-dimensional FALC atmosphere in the chromosphere. The methods developed by us recently in a series of papers to solve multi-dimensional polarized radiative transfer have been incorporated in our new code POLY2D which we use for our analysis. We find that multi-dimensional radiative transfer including XRD effects is important in reproducing the amplitude and shape of scattering polarization signals of the O {\sc i} line at 1302 \AA\,

Polarized Line Formation in Multi-Dimensional Media.III. Hanle Effect with Partial Frequency Redistribution

In the previous two papers, namely, \citet{anuknn11} and \citet{anuetal11} we solved the polarized radiative transfer (RT) equation in multi-dimensional (multi-D) geometries, with partial frequency redistribution (PRD) as the scattering mechanism. We assumed Rayleigh scattering as the only source of linear polarization ($Q/I, U/I$) in both these papers. In this paper we extend these previous works to include the effect of weak oriented magnetic fields (Hanle effect) on line scattering. We generalize the technique of Stokes vector decomposition in terms of the irreducible spherical tensors $\mathcal{T}^K_Q$, developed in \citet{anuknn11}, to the case of RT with Hanle effect. A fast iterative method of solution (based on the Stabilized Preconditioned Bi-Conjugate-Gradient technique), developed in \citet{anuetal11}, is now generalized to the case of RT in magnetized three-dimensional media. We use the efficient short-characteristics formal solution method for multi-D media, generalized appropriately to the present context. The main results of this paper are the following: (1) A comparison of emergent $(I, Q/I, U/I)$ profiles formed in one-dimensional (1D) media, with the corresponding emergent, spatially averaged profiles formed in multi-D media, shows that in the spatially resolved structures, the assumption of 1D may lead to large errors in linear polarization, especially in the line wings. (2) The multi-D RT in semi-infinite non-magnetic media causes a strong spatial variation of the emergent $(Q/I, U/I)$ profiles, which is more pronounced in the line wings. (3) The presence of a weak magnetic field modifies the spatial variation of the emergent $(Q/I, U/I)$ profiles in the line core, by producing significant changes in their magnitudes.Comment: 31 pages, 14 figures, Submitted to ApJ, Under revie

A Study on Impact of Television Advertising towards the Selection of Branded Women's Apparel with Special Reference to Consumer at Tiruchirappalli City

A Study on the Impact of Television Advertising towards the Selection of Branded Women’s Apparel With special reference to a consumer at Tiruchirappalli City. Television Advertisement assumes a noteworthy job in present-day life. It shapes the states of mind of the general public and the individual and definitely impacts customer behavior. The customer needs to fight with a gigantic measure of data and have the capacity to settle on a decision, reach determinations and settle on critical choices. This examination plans to set up whether the Trichy City, Tamilnadu, customers affects their purchasing choices because of the impact of Apparel retailer’s TV advertisements. An advertisement is the paid type of unoriginal introduction of thoughts, products, and ventures by distinguished support. The primary goal of promoting is to advise, influence and remind the focused on shoppers with respect to the item. Consistently we go over an assortment of advertisements. When we read a daily paper or a magazine or tune in to the radio or stare at the television or stroll on a street or travel by a transport or a prepare or we see a film or go anyplace else, we run over a type of an advertisement. These advertisements fill in as the main thrust for our buy choices.The main objective of this paper is to study on the Impact of Television Advertising towards the Selection of Branded Women’s Apparel reference to a consumer at Tiruchirappalli City. A descriptive study was done on primary data collected from 125 respondents on basis of judgmental sampling. 125 respondents were given questionnaire and 110 were found to be fully usable for analysis. A questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Likert five-point scaling was given to customers for evaluating their impact of Demographical factors on Apparel retail store selection. IBM SPSS Statistic version 20.0 was used for this analysis and the following tools were administered 1) Reliability Test 2) Factor Analysis and 3) Multiple Regression 4) Chi-square goodness of fit test. The reliability test was made and the obtained coefficient alpha value (Cronbach’s alpha) was 0. 0.937, and hence the data had satisfactory reliability. Factor analysis and Multiple Regression was used to find the Impact of Television Advertising towards the Selection of Branded Women’s Apparel. In the Chi-square test, we are assessing how well the sample data fits the population proportions specified by the hypothesis

Center to limb observations and modeling of the Ca I 4227 A line

The observed center-to-limb variation (CLV) of the scattering polarization in different lines of the Second Solar Spectrum can be used to constrain the height variation of various atmospheric parameters, in particular the magnetic fields via the Hanle effect. Here we attempt to model non-magnetic CLV observations of the $Q/I$ profiles of the Ca I 4227 A line recorded with the ZIMPOL-3 at IRSOL. For modeling, we use the polarized radiative transfer with partial frequency redistribution with a number of realistic 1-D model atmospheres. We find that all the standard FAL model atmospheres, used by us, fail to simultaneously fit the observed ($I$, $Q/I$) at all the limb distances ($\mu$). However, an attempt is made to find a single model which can provide a fit at least to the CLV of the observed $Q/I$ instead of a simultaneous fit to the ($I$, $Q/I$) at all $\mu$. To this end we construct a new 1-D model by combining two of the standard models after modifying their temperature structures in the appropriate height ranges. This new combined model closely reproduces the observed $Q/I$ at all the $\mu$, but fails to reproduce the observed rest intensity at different $\mu$. Hence we find that no single 1-D model atmosphere succeeds in providing a good representation of the real Sun. This failure of 1-D models does not however cause an impediment to the magnetic field diagnostic potential of the Ca I 4227 A line. To demonstrate this we deduce the field strength at various $\mu$ positions without invoking the use of radiative transfer.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, Accepted for publication in Ap

NEERKURI BY SAGE THERAIYAR - A REVIEW ON SIDDHA WAY OF URINE EXAMINATION IN THE LIGHT OF CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL METHODS

The Siddha system is said to have emerged in antiquity, from the highly evolved consciousness of the Siddhars. The clarified intellect and heightened intuition of Sage Theraiyar, resulting from Yogic powers, enabled to expound to the world the signs of a disease in the Urine of a person in his treatise “Theraiyar Neerkuri Vaithyam†a book that details urine examination findings for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The present paper deals with scientific validation of Neerkuri (urine examination), an important diagnostic tool in Siddha system of medicine. The methodology of diagnosis in Siddha system is based on eight fold examination of pulse, tactile perception, tongue, color and complexion, speech, eyes, stools and urine. Of all these parameters, Urine examination has gained paramount importance next to pulse examination. This paper parallels analyses the signs of urine examination between a few quotes from Sage Theraiyar text and modern text. This is an attempt to understand the Siddha system of diagnosing pathological conditions which are a non-invasive, highly cost effective procedure which can be used for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes

Postmastectomy chest wall radiation of left-sided carcinoma breast - a dosimetric comparison between electrons and photons

Background: For carcinoma breast patients requiring post mastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT), tangential photon beam (PB) is commonly used technique. The physical nature of electrons results in sharp dose fall off and reduces organs at risk (OAR) doses. Aim of the present study is to compare the coverage of chest wall and doses received by OARs – heart and lung between electron and photon beam plans in left sided breast cancer patients requiring PMRT.Methods: This study was done in 22 left sided carcinoma breast patients treated at GSL Medical College between May to December 2017. Both tangential PB plans and electron beam (EB) plans were generated on simulation computed tomography (CT) for each patient and both plans were compared. A dose of 50 Gy was prescribed to planning target volume (PTV) in 25 fractions.Results: The PB plans provided superior homogeneity index (HI) and conformity index CI compared to the EB plans (p<0.05). There was significant difference in favour of electron-beam plans for mean heart dose (p=0.0312), V25 Gy (p=0.029), V45 Gy (p=0.001) and V20 Gy of left lung (p=0.042). There was no significant difference in mean lung dose.Conclusions: Dosimetric data from this study suggests that PMRT with the electron beam can reduce doses to the heart and left lung with acceptable target coverage. It needs further research in the clinical setting

Importance of Angle-dependent Partial Frequency Redistribution in Hyperfine Structure Transitions Under Incomplete Paschen-Back Effect Regime

Angle-frequency coupling in scattering of polarized light on atoms is represented by the angle-dependent (AD) partial frequency redistribution (PRD) matrices. There are several lines in the linearly polarized solar spectrum, for which PRD combined with quantum interference between hyperfine structure states play a significant role. Here we present the solution of the polarized line transfer equation including the AD-PRD matrix for scattering on a two-level atom with hyperfine structure splitting (HFS) and an unpolarized lower level. We account for the effects of arbitrary magnetic fields (including the incomplete Paschen-Back effect regime) and elastic collisions. For exploratory purposes we consider a self-emitting isothermal planar atmosphere and use atomic parameters that represent an isolated Na\,{\sc i} D$_2$ line. For this case we show that the AD-PRD effects are significant for field strengths below about 30G, but that the computationally much less demanding approximation of angle-averaged (AA) PRD may be used for stronger fields.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures, Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa